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variability -- 2.1.The composition and structure of the atmosphere -- 2.2.The earth radiation budget -- 2.3.The thermal engine -- 2.4.Main climatic regions -- 2.5.The oceanic hydrosphere -- 2.6.Hydro-climatic variability -- 3.Large-scale biogeographic patterns -- 3.1.Biogeography: from the terrestrial to the marine realm -- 3.2.Primary compartments of the marine ecosphere -- 3.3.Ecogeographic patterns -- 4.Large-scale biodiversity patterns -- 4.1.The search for a primary cause -- 4.2.Neutral and null models or theories -- 4.3.The area hypothesis -- 4.4.History -- 4.5.Hypotheses based on fundamental processes -- 4.6.The climatic influence -- 4.7.Temperature -- 4.8.Environmental hypotheses -- 4.9.Evolutionary rate -- Contents note continued: 4.10.Biotic interactions -- 5.Marine biodiversity through time -- 5.1.Palaeoclimatic changes -- 5.2.Natural causes of extinction -- 5.3.Natural contemporaneous changes -- 5.4.Is climate the primary factor? -- 6.Temperature and marine biodiversity -- 6.J Temperature from the origin of the universe to early life -- 6.2.Basics and first principles -- 6.3.Effects of temperature at the physiological level -- 6.4.Influence of temperature at the species level -- 6.5.Thermal influence at the community level -- pt. 2 Marine biodiversity changes in the Anthropocene -- 7.Biodiversity and anthropogenic climate change -- 7.1.Human alteration of the greenhouse effect and the radiative budget of the planet -- 7.2.Increase in global air and sea surface temperature -- 7.3.Species responses to anthropogenic climate change -- 7.4.Community/ecosystem response to climate change -- 7.5.Anthropogenic climate change and natural hydro-climatic variability -- Contents note continued: 8.Marine biodiversity and ocean acidification -- 8.1.Introduction -- 8.2.Anthropogenic acidification -- 8.3.Effects of acidification on biodiversity -- 8.4.Limitations of past studies on ocean acidification -- 8.5.Conclusions -- 9.Biodiversity and direct anthropogenic effects -- 9.1.Exploitation of marine biodiversity -- 9.2.Pollution -- 9.3.Nutrient enrichment and eutrophication -- 9.4.Oxygen depletion -- 9.5.Introduction and invasion of exotic species -- 9.6.UV-B radiation -- 9.7.Tourism -- 9.8.Extinction -- 9.9.interactive efforts -- 10.Marine biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, services and human well-being -- 10.1.Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning -- 10.2.Biodiversity changes and ecosystem goods and services -- 10.3.Potential effects of changes in marine biodiversity fur global biogeochemistry -- 10.4.Potential feedbacks -- pt. 3 Theorising and scenarising biodiversity -- 11.Theorising and scenarising biodiversity -- 11.1.Introduction -- Contents note continued: 11.2.The concept of the ecological niche -- 11.3.Rationale of the METAL theory -- 11.4.The METAL theory -- 11.5.Strength and assumptions of the METAL theory -- 11.6.Limits to predictions in the context of global change -- 11.7.Scenarising biodiversity -- 12.Conclusions -- 12.1.A macroscopic approach -- 12.2.Global monitoring -- 12.3.Towards a unifying ecological theory.